1. INTRODUCTION:

Urine Therapy is not something new, instead it is a time proven method of entirely drugless system of healing and curing host of Diseases which has been continuing from generation to generation. In every civilization people have known the nectar-like properties of Urine. There are numerous references of Urine as a bestowed of heavenly health and super normal powers in “Yogic and Tantric” books. Urine contains the chemical compounds which are very essential for the growth and maintenance of the health of human body. Indeed it is best natural tonic available in the world. There are some volatile salts in Urine, which are highly beneficial.

These salts powerfully absorbs acids and eradicates most of the diseases in human bodies and as result many troubles of the body are cured from their very roots.

Urine is the best remedy for every external and internal disease of the body. It destroys poison and worms of the intestines. It gives new life, purifies blood and clears skin problems. It destroys disease of the eyes, makes body strong, improves digestion and destroys cough and colds. Urine repairs and rebuilds all the vital organs including lungs, pancreas, liver, brain, heart etc. Urine is also effective in dental and other oral troubles. Urine is the best natural tonic, by drinking Urine, disease of kidneys, liver and bile, dropsy, stopping of sinuses, jaundice, plague and other poisonous fevers are cured. Outwardly applied it cleanses the skin and cures dandruff and is excellent against trembling, numbness and palsy. By applying Urine on body most complex diseases of skin are totally cured and the skin becomes clear and soft. ^[1]

Urine therapy is the best remedy for all “A to Z” problems from common cold to cancer

2. Ancient Reference:

Lord Shiva has himself narrated the “Benefits of Urine Therapy” to Mother Parvati which has been referred in the ancient book “Dammar Tantra” in Vedas. In Ancient Books and VEDAS Urine is referred as “Shivambu” (Auto Urine) meaning Water of Shiva.

Urine Therapy is the ancient method of treatment. The Powerful practice for healing “Self-Urine Therapy” has been referred in “Shivambu Kalpa Vidhi” part of 5000 years old document called Damar Tantra linking this practice to Vedas the sacred Hindu texts. Reference of Urine Therapy is also found in almost all the volume of Ayurveda and in one of the volumes Bhavprakasha .Urine is termed as “Vishaghna” killer of all poisons and “Rasayana” which can rejuvenate even old person and “Raktapamaharam” which purifies blood and cures all skin diseases.

In Tantrik Yoga culture this practice is termed as “Amroli.” Amroli comes from the root word “Amar.” They termed “Shivambu” as Holy Liquid. According to them Urine is more nutritious than even milk as you are not only physically benefited by the practice, but you become spiritually advanced because it is an Elixir for body, mind and spirit. God has given us this precious Gift (Urine) right from our very birth. ^[2]

2.1 Ancient Quotations:

The proverb 5:15 have also been referred in the Holy Bible: - “Drink water out of thane own cistern.”

“The cosmic soul knows its need and takes to itself that which belongs to it.”

“Auto Urine is Divine Nectar” - Lord Shiva – (From the Dammar Tanta)

Remedy:-

“Your medicine is in you, and you do not observe it.”

Your ailment is from yourself but you do not register it.

HAZRAT ALI:

3. History of Urine Therapy^[^3]

Urine therapy has been around for a very long time. The medicinal use of urine dates back to the earliest civilizations. It is often referred to as the world’s oldest medicine. It has been known by every generation but has somehow fallen into obscurity. Yet the use of urine, as a medicine, in one form or another can still be found in the medical traditions of tribes which are still in close contact with nature. In India, the yogi’s and the great spiritual masters are well aware of the miracles of this “sacred” fluid. So much so that it has an extremely lengthy and involved history in India dating back over 5,000 years.

Human urine has been considered a healing agent in many Asian cultures for centuries. It has played an important role in the holistic medical traditions of societies all over the world. It is an age-old tradition especially in sickness although many in good health practice it for preventive health maintenance. Ironically, it has been kept a secret by “medicine men” so they alone could have access to this “fountain of youth”.

The Water of Life Foundation in India and the Chinese Association of Urine Therapy has been promoting urine therapy for many years. It is still playing an important role in some medical treatments in Germany, Japan, and has been gaining popularity in the United States. In Germany, urine treatments have been used since medieval times against all kinds of diseases. In Japan, urine therapy has been known for seven hundred years and is commonly prescribed even today against asthma, diabetes, hypertension and on an experimental basis against AIDS and cancer.

Urine therapy also has historical roots in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Aztec empire and since the Middle Ages in Europe. The history of drinking urine for therapeutic purposes dates back to the Holy Roman Empire when great urinal troths were erected in public squares of each city-state for residents to both contribute to, and benefit from. For hundreds of years, many European cultures including Russia have used urine to treat a wide variety of health problems. The ancient Indian text of Shivambu Kalpa Vidhi calls it the divine nectar that is capable of abolishing various types of diseases and ailments. In the Old Testament of the Bible, there is a symbolic reference, “Drink water from they own cistern” (Proverbs 5). For centuries, European Gypsies have known about the curative powers of urine. It has been reported that the Lamas of Tibet reach extended ages by drinking their own urine. For over 500 years ago, Native Indians in the Western Hemisphere had knowledge of this therapy. So much so that natives of Mexico, Argentina, Peru, and Chile continue to consume it for illnesses and utilize it as an antiseptic to treat wounds.

The first soap was perhaps, urine. In England, France and probably elsewhere, the custom of washing one’s hands in urine for its softening and beautifying properties, still exists among the ladies. Urine has also been used as a tooth-wash, a clothes wash and in the preparation of cosmetics, creams and even prescription drugs.

The numbers of uses are impressive and so are the numbers of its followers. According to Xinhua news agency more than three million Chinese drink urine to stay healthy. From India, in the state of Gujarat, there are nearly 300,000 users of urine therapy and in the city of Bombay nearly 30,000 plus are active users. Germany, Korea and Japan have a sizeable number of citizens engaging in urine therapy. It is also growing in the West.

In 2009, the 5th World Congress on Urotherapy was held in Guadalajara, Mexico where advocates from around the world gathered to share their experiences. The next World Congress is scheduled for Sydney, Australia in 2013. It is only a matter of time until it emerges as a natural home remedy for people who want a fast, efficient, inexpensive way to take care of their health.

4. Getting Started:

The thought of drinking their urine may offend the sensibilities of some Westerners. This initial revulsion is usually based on concepts that are based on ignorance or fears. The age old concept prevailing in our society is that urine is poisonous or dirty excreta of the body. But this fallacy is proven wrong by scientists on the basis of successful research and experiments done with human urine. The second difficulty comes on account of foul smell and disagreeable taste. This can be overcome by eating simple foods or by just mixing it with water. Moreover, once the pain of our physical problems becomes stronger than our concepts or fears, acceptance to urine therapy happens naturally. In other words, most people will try it as a last resort to overcome their pain and sickness.

There are some simple ways to overcome the feelings of aversion to drinking your own “water.” Start with a few drops, have it on the rocks with your favorite juice or just chase it down with water. Start by taking a small amount then increase gradually. Some make a homeopathic preparation which contains no taste or color from just a few drops. Many take it once in the morning, some more frequently, again depending on their own liking. The most common recommended dosage is 2 to 4oz. of fresh urine once daily in the morning as a tonic for keeping healthy and as prevention against illnesses.

Those who drink it regularly say the taste is mild and not unpleasant at all – a bit salty, like broth or sea water. The taste depends on your constitution and your daily diet. Everything you eat and drink has an effect on your urine. The better your dietary habits are, the better it will taste. If you are on a vegetarian diet, there will be almost no unpleasant aftertaste. If you eat spicy or fast food, then you will notice that it has a stronger or somewhat bitter taste. Drinking your own urine makes you think seriously about what you eat. A change in dietary habits plays an important role in the healing process. The taste is more enjoyable with fruits and vegetables and less with sweet, starchy or spicy food. ^[4]

Whenever a leap of faith is taken, be prepared as the healing process may begin. Depending on the toxicity of the ailment, the body will begin to purify itself. In the detoxification period, poisonous substances that have been stored in the body for years are released. The body might start to fight certain viruses by increasing the temperature and causing a fever. By stimulating the body’s natural powers, real healing takes place. Urine contains antibodies and immune stimulating factors against all viruses, harmful bacteria and fungi. Urine is especially effective against allergies and other disorders of the immune system. The self-inoculation of urine is similar to when a flu shot introduces a virus into the body to make antibodies for it.

During the healing crisis, symptoms such as a rash, sweating, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, headache or coughing may arise. Afterwards, the majority feel much better in just a few hours to a few days. The technique and process can always be adjusted to personal preference.

Urine therapy consists of two parts: internal application (e.g. drinking urine) and external application (e.g. massaging with urine). Both aspects are important and complement each other. The easiest way to start is by using it externally. Urine therapy has miraculous healing abilities in the treatment of painful and disabling wounds, cuts, sores, bites, stings, blisters and rashes especially the ones which refuse to heal. For skin problems such as gangrene, psoriasis, eczema and dermatitis, urine pack works well and can even prevent scar tissue. A urine compress should be moistened regularly and renewed several times daily. Urine therapy offers complete recovery for serious burns instead of unsightly scars, tightly puckered skin and stiffened limbs. Armstrong insisted that cures were faster and more effective in those who massaged themselves with urine. ^[5]

5. Urine Therapy is Effective in Treating ^[6,7]

External:

· Sunburn

· Cuts, scrapes, wounds

· Burns, rashes, sores

· Athlete’s foot

· Eczema

· Gangrene

· Infections

· Insect bites

· Warts

· Varicose veins

· Pimples, acne

· Baldness

· Snake bites

Internal:

· Cancer

· Diabetes

· High Blood Pressure

· Hormonal imbalances

· Allergies

· Colds, coughs, fever, flu symptoms

· Conjunctivitis

· Asthma

· Herpes, venereal diseases

· Jaundice, hepatitis

· Mononucleosis

· Prostrate disorders

· Rheumatism

· Sexual impotency

· Meningitis

· Hepatitis

· Tuberculosis

· Parkinson’s disease

6. Ten effects of Urine Therapy:

Reabsorption and reuse of nutrients, Reabsorption of hormones, Reabsorption of enzymes, Reabsorption of urea, Immunological effect, Bactericidal and virucidal effect, Salt therapy, Diuretic effect, Transmutation theory, Psychological effect.^[8]

7. Substance Found in Urine:

Many people have the mistaken belief that urine is waste. Waste products are eliminated through the skin, lungs and digestive system. As seen from the diagram above, urine is created directly from the kidneys. The function of the kidneys is to balance and filter the blood. It is not a byproduct of intestinal work. It is a sterile, antiseptic fluid containing thousands of elements. In fact, it contains many life-sustaining elements like vitamins, minerals, proteins, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, amino acids and the ions of hundreds of compounds.^[9]

7.1 Most people are generally unaware of the amazing elements found in urine: ^{[10, 11]}

1. Agglutinins and precipitins – have a neutralizing effect on polio and other viruses

2. Antineoplaston – prevents selectively the growth of cancer cells without harming the growth of healthy cells.

3. Allontoin – a nitrogenous crystal substance which helps heal wounds. It is an oxidation product of uric acid. This substance can be found in many skin cream products.

4. DHEA – This substance prevents obesity, prolongs the lifespan of animals, and offers a possible treatment for anemia, diabetes, and breast cancer in women. DHEA stimulates the growth of bone marrow and increases the production of substances manufactured by bone marrow such as red blood cells, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes.

5. Gastric secretory depressants - combat the growth of stomach ulcers.

6. Glucuronic acid - is created in the kidneys, liver and intestinal canal and has an important secretion function.

7. H-11 – inhibits the growth of cancer cells and reduces already existing tumors, without disturbing the recovery process.

8. HUD (Human’s Urine Derivative) - urine derivative shown to have remarkable anti-cancer properties.

9. Interleukin – 1 – this substance has a positive influence on helper cells and inhibiting substances. It can signal the hypothalamus to produce a fever.

10. 3-methyl-glyoxal – destroys cancer cells

11. Prostaglandin – in a hormonal substance which dilates the blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, relaxes the bronchial muscles, stimulates labor contractions, and a number of other functions relating to metabolism.

12. Protein globulins - contains antibodies against specific allergens; identical to proteins in immunoglobulin’s of serum (blood)

13. Proteses – immunologically active products of allergic reactions

14. Retine - anti-cancer element extracted from urine

15. Uric acid – helps keep “free radical scavengers” (molecules which can cause cancer) under control, combats old age and even has a tuberculostatic effect

7.2 Inorganic substances in urine:

Bicarbonate, chloride, phosphor, sulphur, bromide, fluoride, iodide, rhodanide, kalium, natrium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, selenium, arsenium, lead, mercury

7.3 Nitrogen-containing substances in urine:

Nitrogen, urea, creatine, creatinine, guanidine, choline, carnitine, piperidine, spermi-dine, spermine, dopamine, adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, serotonin, tryptamine, amino-levulinic acid, porphyrin, bilirubin, and others.

7.4 Amino acids in urine:

Alanine, carnosine, glycine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine, valine, hydroxyproline, galactosylhydroxylysine, xylo-sylserine, and others.

7.5 Proteins in urine:

Albumin, haptoglobin, transferring, IgG, IgA, IgM, and others

7.6 Enzymes in urine:

Lactatdehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyItransferase, alpha-amylase, uropepsinogen, lysozyme, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, urokinanse, protease, and others.

7.7 Carbohydrates in urine:

Arabibose, xylose, ribose, fucose, rhamnose, ketopentose, glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, lactose, saccharose, fucosylglucose, raffinose and others.

7.8 Vitamins in urine:

Thiamine (B1) riboflavin (B2), vitamin B-6, 4-pyridoxic acid, vitamin b-12, biopterine, ascorbic acid, zinc, magnesium, potassium, folic acid, and others.

7.9 Hormones in urine:

Gonadotropin, coricotropin, prolactin, lactogenic hormones, oxytocin, vasopressin, thyroxine, cathecholamin (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine), insulin, erythropoietin, corticosteroids (aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisone), testosterone, progesterone, oestrogen, and others.

8. Underlying Rationale for Urine Therapy:

The underlying rationale for the effectiveness of Urine Therapy is based on the knowledge that Urine contains numerous substances that possess therapeutic properties including:

Antibodies (each person produces a unique set Antibodies specific to that individual - these customized Antibodies are excreted from the body via the Urine and Urine Therapy aims to “recycle” these Antibodies).

Urea (a Nitrogen compound that is a vital element in the Urea Cycle which possesses several therapeutic effects). ^[12]

9. Purported Health Benefits of Urine Therapy:

9.1. Digestive System:

Urine Therapy helps to prevent Peptic Ulcers and also accelerates the healing of existing Peptic Ulcers (due to the Urogastrone component of Urine): Urine Therapy helps to prevent Duodenal Ulcers and also accelerates the healing of existing Duodenal Ulcers. Urine Therapy helps to prevent Gastric Ulcers and also accelerates the healing of existing Duodenal Ulcers.^[13

9.2. Excretory System:

Urine Therapy is reported to cure some cases of Cystitis (where Cystitis is caused by proliferation of Eschericia coli). Urine Therapy reduces the symptoms of (acute) Nephritis and reduces the underlying infection that causes (acute) Nephritis. ^[14]

9.3. Immune System:

Urine Therapy may improve the condition of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients. There are various anecdotal reports of T-Lymphocytes counts improving in AIDS patients using oral Urine Therapy. It is known that the Urine of AIDS patients contains Antibodies to the HIV virus (but not the actual HIV virus) that causes AIDS and it has been speculated that oral administration of these Antibodies to HIV via Urine Therapy may be responsible for the effectiveness of Urine Therapy in AIDS patients. Antineoplastons may also contribute to the effects of Urine Therapy. Urine Therapy may help to alleviate Allergies (the Urine of Allergy patients often contains specific Antibodies to the substances (Antigens) to which the Allergy patient is allergic to). The Urea component of Urine dissolves the “foreign” Proteins that form many Antigens. Urine Therapy inhibits/kills many types of Detrimental Bacteria (due to the Urea content of Urine) including: ^[15]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

Urine Therapy may inhibit the growth of the malignant Cells that occur in Cancer.

9.3.1 Types of Cancer that have been reported to respond to Urine Therapy include:

· Breast Cancer

· Colon Cancer

· Kaposi’s Sarcoma

· Lung Cancer

· Lymphomas

· Skin Cancer

· Stomach Cancer

· Uterus Cancer

The specific components of human Urine that are speculated to account for the effectiveness of Urine Therapy in the treatment of Cancer include Human Urine Derivative (HUD), H-11, Retine, Antineoplastons and Uric Acid. Urine Therapy reduces Fever (due to the presence of an inhibitor of Interleukin 1 in Urine). ^[16]

9.3.2 Urine Therapy is reported to destroy some types of Viruses (due to the Urea component of Urine dissolving the Protein component of Viruses):

· Urine Therapy may destroy the Varicella-Zoster Virus that causes Chickenpox.

· Urine Therapy may destroy the Measles Virus that causes Measles.

· Urine Therapy may destroy Polio Viruses.

9.4. Nervous System:

Urine Therapy is reported to alleviate Migraine.

9.5. Respiratory System:

Urine Therapy alleviates some cases of Asthma.

Urine Therapy alleviates some cases of Hay Fever.

Urine Therapy is reported to alleviate some cases of Tuberculosis.

Urine Therapy alleviates some cases of Whooping Cough.

9.6. Sexual System – Male:

Urine Therapy kills the Detrimental Bacteria that cause (bacterial forms of) Prostatitis.

9.7. Skin:

Urine Therapy is reported to alleviate Hives.

Urine Therapy (using a patient’s own Urine applied topically) alleviates Tinea.

Urine Therapy helps to prevent Infection of existing Wounds (primarily due to the Urea component of Urine).

9.8. Cleanses the Blood:

Urine, because it’s a byproduct of blood, becomes more purified the more it is recycled. Therefore, believers say that the continual recycling of our urine leads to cleaner urine which leads to cleaner blood. Many people feel that this contributes to a cleansing effect that also bolsters immune systems.

9.9. Improves Heart Health:

Urine contains an enzyme called Urokinase, known to strengthen the bloodstream that goes from certain heart arteries and muscles. In fact, Urokinase is used in drug form and sold as a miracle blood clot dissolver for unblocking coronary arteries. But for those seeking a more natural way to safeguard their heart, they turn to urine therapy which may be effective in preventing heart attacks and arteriosclerosis.^[17]

9.10. Fights Cancers:

Urine also contains urea, which was found to be an effective cancer treatment by Professor of Internal Medicine, Evangelos Danopoulos. Studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s showed his work with urea helped treat those suffering with breast cancer, liver cancer and even certain lip and eye cancers. In short, urea works to prevent cancer cells from grouping together, killing them by disrupting their metabolic activity. ^[18]

9.11. Heals Acne:

Urea’s antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral have long been touted for its ability to banish skin conditions, including acne. According to S.K. Sharma, author of Miracles of Urine Therapy (affiliate link), massaging the infected areas with urine up to four times daily will “abolish acne.” ^[19]

9.12. Provides Relief from Stings:

Naturopathic doctors have found that the acidic pH in urine breaks down the toxins put into your skin when you are stung by a bee or jellyfish. Many people soak a sponge or cotton ball in their urine then apply to their skin for quick, soothing relief. ^[20]

10. The Urine-Toxicity Myth:

It’s often thought that because urine is excreted from our bodies that it is therefore toxic. But the breakdown shows otherwise. It’s 95% water with the remaining percentages as urea, minerals, vitamins, insulin, salts, enzymes and hormones. Therefore, it’s not considered a waste product and is not believed to be toxic. ^[21]

10. CONCLUSION:

The practice of using one’s own urine as a medicine and immune system booster is undoubtedly the most ancient remedy on the planet. Today this knowledge is freely available on the internet. Urine is medicinal, cleansing, and nourishing. Urine is anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral. It is the perfect medicine for the restoration of health and the destruction of maladies^[22]. Not only is it a panacea for any and every disease, it is free and easily available. It can prevent infections while at the same time give an aged person the vitality and vigor of youth. Some of the chronic diseases that it is effective against include cancer, heart disease, kidney failure, asthma, anemia, urinary diseases, colds, candida, diabetes, digestive problems, allergies and jaundice. Other problems such as injuries, warts, psoriasis, lumps and bites are often cured in a few days of treatment. The list of diseases for which it is effective is long enough to consider it a miracle remedy.

Modern medicine doesn’t emphasize the importance of knowing simple home remedies. Most consumers feel that the knowledge of the body is best left in the hands of doctors who, “know so much more than we do.” However, their results are not always dependable. Government studies now raise serious questions about the qualifications of physicians, their misdiagnoses, unnecessary or incompetent surgery, errors in medication and high hospital infection rates. Most hospitals have to rely on strong medical intervention to relieve symptoms from the medical errors that occur on a daily basis. On average 1 in 7 patients suffer harm from hospital care.

As a result, more people are turning away from conventional medicine. Urine therapy could be the medicine of the future for billions of people without health care. The medical establishment should adjust their system so that alternative medicines, like urine therapy, can be integrated seamlessly. This simple adjustment alone could tremendously reduce health care costs. The extra advantages of no diagnosis, no side effects and no costs make it more than an alternative. Urine therapy offers each individual the power to deal with any health crises efficiently, effectively and economically.^[23]

12. REFERENCES:

1. Exposure of the American Population to Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Test, 2002 National Academies Press, Washington D.C.

2. Fallout, An American Nuclear Tragedy, Philip L. Fradkin. 2004, Johnson Printing Co. Colorado

3. Deadly Deceit, Low Level Radiation, High-level Cover Up, Dr. Jay M. Gould 1990, Four Walls, Eight Windows Publishing, New York

4. Secret Fallout, Ernest Sternglass, 1981 McGraw-Hill publishing, New York

5. Population Control through Nuclear Pollution, Arthur R. Tamplin and John W. Gofman, 1970, Nelson-Hall Co. Publishers. Chicago, Ill.

6. Christy, M. M. Your Own Perfect Medicine. Future Med, Inc. Scottsdale, Arizona, USA, 1994:84-85.

7. Sandweiss, D. J., et al. The effect of urine extracts on peptic ulcer. Journ D.D. October 1941:371-382.

8. Garotescu, M. Treatment of colibacillary cystitis with auto-urine therapy. Romania Medicala. 1935.

9. Tiberi, R. Value of auto-uro-vaccine therapy in acute hemorrhagic nephritis. La Diagnosi. 14(6/9/34):183-196, 1934.

10. Linscott, W. D., M.D. Specific immunologic unresponsiveness. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 1982.

11. Wilson, C. W. M., et al. Auto-immune therapy against human allergic disease: A physiologic disease. Medical Hypotheses. 12:143-158, 1983.

12. Bjornesjo, K. B. On the effect of human urine on tubercle bacilli II: the tuberculostatic effect of various urine constituents. Acta Scandinavia. 25(5):447-455, 1951.

13. Tsuji, S., et al. Isolation from human urine of a polypeptide having marked tuberculostatic activity. American Review of Respiratory Diseases. 91(6):832-838, 1965.

14. Novak, Dr. Therapeutic results of the use of an auto-urine extract on malignant tumors. Zeitschrift Innere Medizine. 1961.

15. Hegyeli, A.., et al. Preparation of retine from human urine. Science. 20:1571-1572, 1963..

16. Lerner, A. M., et al. Neutralizing antibody to polioviruses in normal human urine. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 41(4):805-815, 1962.

17. Bjornesjo, K. B. On the effect of human urine on tubercle bacilli II: the tuberculostatic effect of various urine constituents. Acta Scandinavia. 25(5):447-455, 1951.

18. Urine: The body's own health drink?", The Independent, archived from the original on 5 Dec 2008

19. Aspects of Catullus' Social Fiction. Christopher Nappa, Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang, 2001. Pp. 180. ISBN 3-631-37808-4. SFr.56.00.

20. Tyndale Concise Bible Commentary. By Robert B. Hughes, J. Carl Laney. p.233. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2001 ISBN 0-8423-5444-1

21. Jump up to: a b Joseph S. Alter. Yoga in Modern India. Princeton University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-691-11874-4.

22. Clinical value of 24-hour urine hormone evaluations, Alan Broughton, Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, January 2004.

23. "An Investigation into the Determination of Corticosteroids in Urine: I. the Determination of Corticosterone-like Substances". Journal of clinical pathology 6 (1): 74–7. doi:10.1136/jcp.6.1.74. PMC 1023535. PMID 13034924.

Received on 15.05.2014 Accepted on 15.06.2014

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 4(2): April-June 2014; Page 93-98